What it is: Narrowing or blockage of arteries supplying blood to the heart due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).

Common Symptoms: Chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fatigue.

Treatments:
- Angioplasty (PTCA): A minimally invasive procedure where a balloon is used to open blocked arteries.
- Coronary Stenting: Placement of a stent (metal mesh) to keep arteries open after angioplasty.

What it is: Malfunctioning of one or more heart valves (mitral, aortic, tricuspid, or pulmonary), leading to improper blood flow.

Common Types: Valve stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage).

Treatments:
- Valve Repair: Surgical correction of a damaged valve.
- Valve Replacement: Implantation of a mechanical or biological valve.
- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A minimally invasive alternative to open surgery in high-risk patients.

What it is: Abnormal heart rhythms such as atrial fibrillation (AF), ventricular tachycardia, or bradycardia.

Symptoms: Palpitations, dizziness, fainting, or stroke risk.

Treatments:
- Electrophysiology Study & Ablation: Mapping and cauterizing the faulty electrical circuit in the heart.
- Pacemaker Implantation: For bradycardia or heart blocks.
- Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD): For patients at high risk of sudden cardiac arrest.

What it is: Structural abnormalities in the heart present from birth (e.g., ASD, VSD, Tetralogy of Fallot).

Treatments:
- Surgical Repair: Open-heart procedures to correct defects.
- Device Closure (Non-surgical): For defects like ASD and PDA using catheter-based techniques.

What it is: A chronic condition where the heart fails to pump blood efficiently.

Treatments:
- Medical Management: Lifestyle changes and medications.
- Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT): A specialized pacemaker to coordinate heartbeats.
- Surgical Support: CABG or valve surgery in advanced cases.